What is bacterial meningitis?

Bacterial meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges (the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord). It is caused by bacteria and is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical treatment.

Bacterial meningitis affects more men than women. At highest risk are the elderly, children under age 5, and people with chronic illnesses.

How does it occur?

Bacterial meningitis is caused when blood from an infected area in another part of the body carries bacteria to the brain and spinal cord. Bacteria can also enter the brain when you have an ear or sinus infection, or after a skull fracture.

What are the symptoms?

Symptoms may include:

• high fever and chills

• headache

• stiff neck and stiff back

• nausea and vomiting

• pain in arms, legs, and abdomen

• a red, blotchy rash

• confusion, delirium (delusions or hallucinations), coma in severe cases.

Infants who are 1 month old or younger, children, and the elderly may not have the typical symptoms of bacterial meningitis.

How is it diagnosed?

The doctor will review your symptoms, ask about your medical history, and examine you. He or she may use the following lab tests:

• spinal fluid exam

• blood tests

• CT scan.

Other tests may also be done.

How is it treated?

If your doctor suspects you have bacterial meningitis, he or she will hospitalize you for treatment with antibiotics. Treatment must begin right away. You will probably receive antibiotics intravenously (in a vein) for 7 to 10 days or longer.

Your doctor will tell you how active you can be as you recover.

How long will the effects last?

If bacterial meningitis is treated right away, chances of recovery are good. However, in some cases, brain damage or death can occur.

How can I take care of myself?

• Follow the treatment plan prescribed by your doctor.

• Drink plenty of fluids.

• Eat nutritious foods.

• Take a pain reliever for headache and discomfort. Ask your doctor which medication is best for you. Anyone under age 21 should not take aspirin because of the risk of Reye's syndrome.

How can I avoid getting bacterial meningitis?

Vaccination can prevent some forms of meningitis. In addition, if you have been exposed to meningitis, the doctor may give you antibiotics to help prevent you from getting the disease.